An overview of quantum computing and quantum communication systems

While the commercial deployment of 5G networks and beyond is a reality, first work for definition study 6G has started. The scientific community agrees that these will be characterised by very high spatial density access points, heterogeneity technologies, an increased number users per point, demand ubiquitous connectivity must combine ultra-low latency, bandwidth, energy efficiency [1, 2]. Among emerging challenges, holographic communications, high-precision manufacturing, introduction intelligence, incorporation new technologies based on sub-terahertz (THz) or Visible Light Communications (VLC) are real issues. These taking place in truly three-dimensional coverage framework, integrating terrestrial aerial radio to meet needs with cloud-based capabilities where when needed (on-demand). Radio frequencies used wireless telecommunications, but need throughput requires wider bandwidths, hence frequencies, particular THz bands. Moving higher frequency range—from 100 GHz 10 THz—is expected significantly increase bandwidth channel, which make it possible serve significant users. In this case, we not talking about connection cell phones, tablets, computers (and even smart cars)—we considering use Internet Things (IoT) devices, within one base station can quite lot. Therefore, beamforming, device location, etc., developed generation just being implemented now should also remain at [3]. For primarily intended, IoT solutions have been given name: ‘human-machine-things’. They involve three elements system: person as physical carrier; intelligent interacts; collects data executes commands from application running person's [4]. provide means communication gathering necessary accumulate information. Still, system's approach required technology market whole involving analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), next-generation computation via HPC quantum computing [3, 5]. This tremendous amount may harnessed, strong processing learning capabilities, manage network different levels. To end, methods play enabling role guaranteed security platform. Towards provisioning massive efficiently voluminous available user sides, quantum-powered potential realising ambitions service-driven, fully network. There every reason believe integration improve throughput, efficiency, networks. addition advantages mentioned above, benefits speed, security, minimal storage requirements. makes ideally suited various future applications. Research many fronts evaluate opportunities 5G, functional division operated both RAN core latency ultra-high requirements verticals. Notably, functions split into cloud-deployed services interfacing capabilities. architecture impact efficient implementation processes [6]. One key challenges deploying secure analysing how current cryptographic algorithms authentication transmission adapt between encryption while ensuring stringent met [7]. powerful parallel capability search leveraged solve large-scale optimisation problems. (1) Is ‘beyond 5G?’ topic highly exploratory undoubtedly boundaries R&D. (2) What features challenges? Classically, mutual information channel input output maximised. channels, capacity redefined. Quantum channels achievable capacity. As result, error correction without redundancy noisy channels. enable exponentially complex combinatorial ML decoding classical systems [5, 6]. cope latency-critical scenarios such automated cars medical applications, accomplished concise time. Achieving only few milliseconds challenge. achieve low reliability, essential develop high-end processors consume little power. seems reliable solution issue [8]. With variable quality service (QoS) requirements, resource allocated user. power, both. Another challenging aspect propagation frequency, signal attenuate quickly penetration loss [9]. automatically attenuated accessing homes, residences, workplaces. increases, waves difficulty penetrating walls buildings homes affecting users' QoS important stable, fast accurate handle dynamically allocating resources [10]. standard does address relies traditional cryptography. development towards cloud edge native infrastructures continue take longer duration, time prepare shift cryptography post-quantum world. According knowledge, contemporary symmetric remains most part, after advent computing. Furthermore, layer signature, RF fingerprinting, some other randomisation MIMO coefficients, coding, could potentially 11]. Whether heterogeneous result ‘NP-complete’ problems, compensation non-linear effects chain transmitter pre-coding matrix, nodes devices equipped decision-making through AI machine learning, so they autonomously optimise their operation response changes environment [5]. context, techniques applied field considerable interest. Besides, allows NP-hard problems solved linear time, making execute much faster real-time Regulatory standardisation our beyond. Protecting individual privacy identity long challenge standards bodies, countries perspectives regulations area. International bodies JTC 1 committees working frameworks progress, there still done [13]. conclude, readers find opinion piece useful giving overview importance Computing/communications shaping next its platforms. infancy lot research carried out sustainable overcome challenges. (AI, techniques) achieving providing outcomes. But well edges AI-ready able support algorithms.